The Monroe Doctrine And American Exceptionalism - 1186 Words

Several arguments can be made for the expansion of the United States, manifest destiny; the Monroe Doctrine and American Exceptionalism are all directly involved in the movement West. This paper will explore the reasons for Americans settlement in the west and how this ideology has shaped U.S history. There were several attitudes that went along with the expansion, one of which was that religion could be easily spread bringing entire religious regions to the United States. Not only did the church respond to this new land, but farmers as well. Agriculture was sharply growing and farmers could economically help the United States. Another attitude was this new perspective on the United States, the people of the U.S at this time were getting a sense of pride and nationalism to their country. So naturally, any culture associated with the United States that was deemed â€Å"illegal† or â€Å"foreign† was to be kicked out. American culture and racial superiority was a growing ideology that forced many others out of the country, essentially those being of the Native American and Spanish descent. Manifest Destiny was a term coined in 1845 by editor John O’Sullivan, it described the very essence of America s mindset at the time. It clearly described the action of moving west; symbolized by a â€Å"woman moving across the land replacing darkness with light and ignorance with civilization’’ (ushistory.org). In Americas attempt to create a more whole country, the Monroe Doctrine prevented the LatinShow MoreRelatedWhy American Exceptionalism Is A Good Thing For The World906 Words   |  4 Pagesidea of American exceptionalism is an idea that has been dated back towards the time of settlement, and that could be traced into the current twenty-first century. When we trace this idea from beginning to end, one is able to see that American exceptionalism was a good thing for the world as a whole. By analyzing the spreading of the American political ideas into the European nations, and how American acted as the defense against tyranny, one will be able to understan d the reasons why American exceptionalismRead MoreThe Political Affairs Of Latin America925 Words   |  4 Pagespolitical affairs of Latin America. Since the dawn of the Monroe Doctrine of 1823, the U.S. has taken a firm and direct stance when dealing with the continent to ensure that its [United States] interests are always upheld. This being said, the U.S. uses formal and informal manipulation and intervention to ensure that Latin American governments are compatible with U.S. interests. This dates back, as previously said, to the time of the Monroe doctrine, when the United-States wanted to protect its expansionRead MoreEvolution of the Monroe Doctrine Essay2572 Words   |  11 Pages â€Å"†¦American continents†¦are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers†¦In the wars of the European powers, in matters relating to themselves, we have never taken any part, nor does it comport with our policy to do so†¦It is only when our rights are invaded, or seriously menaced, that we resent injuries, or make preparation for our defense†¦ We owe it, therefore, to candor, and to the amicable relations existing between the United States and those [theRead More US-Latin America Essay1400 Words   |  6 Pagesconceded to the United States their right of any intervention in the Western Hemisphere and allowed the United States to do whatever they wanted. The United States took this newly bestowed power and abused it. The United States intervened in many Latin American countries and imposed their policies on to these countries against their will. A perfect example of this aggression is what occurred in the Dominican Republic in 1904. The United States intervened in this sovereign nation and took control of theirRead MoreManifest Destiny Research Paper :1382 Words   |  6 Pagesby anything or anyone. (History.com) However, complex and underlying motives guided Manifest Destiny advocates. Some believ ed that the nation had a divine order, serving as a bastion of Christianity and Democracy in a land of uncivilized Native Americans. Ideas of the Anglo-Saxon race being a superior race permeated as well. Others saw economic or national security concerns dictating expansion as a necessity. As if the varying motivations didn’t complicate the issue enough, Manifest Destiny wasRead MoreThe Pursuit Of Imperialist Expansion1523 Words   |  7 Pagesthe â€Å"American exceptionalism† that our country likened it to, the fact is that economic motives were not the prime motivation behind this foray. Although it was a significant driving force, economics were secondary to the more important factor present; this very factor has been and will be present in the ethos of America, and had driven the westward expansion of decades prior to the early 1900’s. The Spanish-American and Philippine Wars both show that rather than economics, it was American nationalismRead MoreThe Unit ed States : An Age Of Imperialism1875 Words   |  8 Pagesclaims. Americans have always felt the desire to grow and expand the United States, they ultimately proved that with Manifest Destiny, when they settled from the east to the west coast. The idea of expansion overseas was something not new to the United States. The war against Mexico had allowed the United States to be carried into the Pacific and the issuing of the Monroe Doctrine allowed the United States to expand their sphere influence well beyond the Caribbean and into Latin America. American HistorianRead MoreThe War Of 1812 And The American Civil War2593 Words   |  11 Pageswhich the seeds of American disunion were planted before they finally sprouted in the spring of 1861. The Antebellum period of American history between The War of 1812 and The American Civil War was a time of tumultuous change for the United States. Captivated by the American Heroes who had achieved glorious victories over the British during the War of 1812; American settlers began to venture out into the Western Frontier. By the end of the 1830’s, for the first time Americans were able to measureRead MoreJohn Locke And The Locke Of The United States5485 Words   |  22 Pagesthe preamble of the U.S. Constitution, it begins with a revolutionary phrase, â€Å"We the people.†The first three words of the preamble to the Constitution suggest one element unique to the American Revolution. First, its outcome was a government created by the people, and for the service of the people. The new American government was not one existing independently of them or, in some respect, over them. The idea of popular sovereignty in the United States predates the Constitution, appearing in its bestRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesand Paul Buhle, eds., The New Le ft Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform

Commercials and Their Effect on Children’s Language Free Essays

Language socialization is the process whereby children are socialized, or taught the norms and expectations of their culture, through the use of language. Language socialization includes both the use of language for socialization and the socialization to use language. Language socialization takes effect through exposure to language use, first from family members and other caretakers and then through further society, such as other children, childcare and media exposure. We will write a custom essay sample on Commercials and Their Effect on Children’s Language or any similar topic only for you Order Now What effect does media exposure, particularly exposure to television commercials, have on language socialization in children? An investigation of literature suggests that television and commercials are likely to have a poor effect on language socialization, leading to inaccurate ideas of the importance of language and the culturally correct use of language. The general effects of television viewing on socialization are well known. According to Coats Feldman (1995) American children spend significant amounts of time watching television – more time, they noted, than talking to adults, playing with siblings or attending school. They examined the effect of television on nonverbal socialization, and found that nonverbal displays of emotion are found at an unnaturally high rate as opposed to the natural environment. This can lead to frequent television viewers expressing a more expressive nonverbal emotional display style, due to incorrect socialization about the appropriateness of nonverbal display. Their study found that elementary school children who frequently watched television had more success at encoding emotions (particularly those frequently displayed on television such as happiness and sadness) than did children who infrequently watched television. They also found that these children used more emotive facial expressions. This is in opposition to cultural norms that require active regulation of facial expression, and may constitute a social disadvantage. DeLoache and Korac (2003) noted that there has been a substantial amount of research indicating that there is a correlation between violent programs and violent behavior. Neuman (1980) performed one of the first studies on the effect of television and listening behavior in children. She noted that the rapid pace of children’s television programming meant that children never had time to integrate the information transmitted by the programs. The changes were so frequent that children did not have the ability to learn to recognize the words presented in other contexts, meaning that language socialization through these television shows and commercials was ineffective and incomplete. Her study focused specifically on the correlation between listening skills and television viewing. She found that children did not routinely suffer a degradation of listening skills at increased levels of television viewing; listening skills, she determined, tend to be linked more to intelligence than to television viewing or artificially shortened attention spans. However, she did note that children who watched a lot of commercials, documentaries and news shows did have a decreased level of listening skills. She posited that this was due to the explicit lack of socialization cues aimed at children within these programs leading to decreased listening skills and attention spans. In short, these programs did not provide enough simulated human interaction to allow for language or cultural socialization, even as a substitute for human interaction. Durkin and Judge (2001) examined the effect of television language socialization on children in the specific context of foreign language speakers. The authors noted that language is a marker of ethnic identity and enculturation; reactions to language could also be a sign of ethnic prejudice. Ethnic minorities are often underrepresented in the media as well as portrayed in an inaccurate manner, perpetuating stereotypes and negative images of the ethnic minority. The authors wanted to investigate this portrayal on the socialization of young children around foreign languages at various ages. They found that three to five year olds routinely learned words from television programs, and that younger children used foreign language as a cue that a program’s content is not aimed at them. The authors performed a study that used videos of a family, speaking both English and an artificial foreign language, in prosocial and antisocial situations in order to gauge the effect of the foreign language on the children’s perception of the situation. The authors did not find that the foreign language routinely affected the children’s perception, although younger viewers did tend to view the foreign language speaking portrayals more negatively (in line with cognitive development theories which indicate that younger children see those who are different from them as a threat). The authors noted that the eight year old group showed a marked bias against the foreign language groups in both the prosocial and antisocial situations; this, too, is accounted for by cognitive development theories, which indicate that a metalinguistic shift occurs around the age of seven or eight. This effect has apparently dissipated by the age of ten. Children of all age groups responded positively to the prosocial groups, and negatively to the antisocial groups, in line with expected socialization. The authors concluded that although foreign language could elicit prejudicial reactions in children, it is not clear that it is the foreign language that causes these reactions. However, this study clearly indicates that television’s negative portrayal of ethnic minorities could impact children’s later attitudes and socialization. Barling and Fullagar (1983) performed a factorial study examining children’s attitudes to commercials, including statements such as â€Å"I learned something new† and â€Å"The advertisement was entertaining.† This study did not show any explicit awareness on the part of the children surveyed of learning or socialization through commercials. Bradbury (2004) stated, â€Å"A great deal of research has been done on this subject and, though varying greatly in its methodology and conclusion, would appear to suggest that it is not until the age of 12 that all children have developed a full understanding of the intention of advertising. In particular it is not until this age that all children fully understand the ‘advocatory’ nature of advertising, that is the way in which advertising communicates only positive messages about a product in order to encourage sales.† This inability to distinguish reality from commercial advertising may further increase the risk of inappropriate socialization through television commercials. Bradbury noted that exposure to commercials at an early age may increase the risk of developing a consumerist mentality that children do not have the capacity to recognize as inappropriate. Are there any potential benefits to children from television viewing? DeLoache and Korac (2003) examined the effectiveness of video learning in very young children.   The design of television programs for children, beginning with programs such as Sesame Street, aimed at preschool aged children, and progressing to programs designed for twelve to twenty four month old or younger children, are predicated on the idea that children can and do learn from video imitation. DeLoache and Korac noted that children do learn from these programs, although not as early as they can learn from direct interaction with other humans. Children as young as fourteen months have been observed to show learning behaviors (perceiving and interpreting the action, forming a memory representation of the action and then retrieving the representation at some later time) from behaviors observed on television. However, this is several months later than children have been observed to perform the same learning behavior in response to interaction with people. From this the conclusion can be drawn that children can display learning and socialization behaviors from television, though not as effectively as from person to person interaction. A review of literature regarding language socialization and television, including television commercials, learning programs and other forms of television aimed at children or viewed by children indicates that language socialization is provided by television, but at a lower quality than that provided by personal interaction with peers and adult caregivers. DeLoache and Korac indicated that television can provide learning opportunities for children, though not at as high a quality as personal interaction; children were seen to learn from television at a later age and a lower rate than from other people. Neuman demonstrated that television, particularly television that is not designed to provide socialization for children, could negatively affect listening behavior. Additionally, some forms of children’s programming, which are rapidly paced and change content quickly, lead to inadequate language socialization as children are left unable to recognize new words outside of their original context. Coats and Feldman examined the effect of television on non-verbal socialization in children. They determined that children with high levels of television viewing had an inaccurate view of the frequency and appropriateness of non-verbal emotional expression, which could lead to a social disadvantage in a culture which values control of emotional expression. Barling and Fullagar found that children had no explicit understanding of the purpose or meaning of television advertising, where Bradbury stated that children continued to lack understanding of the purpose of television advertising as late as age twelve. Durkin and Judge determined that negative portrayal of ethnic minorities on television might affect language socialization. Examination of literature indicates that while television viewing may have some limited positive effect on language socialization and learning behaviors, it is unlikely to be a substitute for personal interaction between peers and adult caregivers. Children were shown to have less understanding of appropriate social cues and behaviors, and did not retain as much language information due to inappropriate presentation and inadequate time to process and retain knowledge. Commercials pose a particular problem because they not only use a limited language set, but also portray and enforce an inappropriate consumerist attitude which children are unable to distinguish as not being the cultural norm. Works Cited Barling, Julian Fullagar, Clive. â€Å"Children’s Attitudes to Television Advertisements: A Factorial Perspective.† The Journal of Psychology. 113 (1983):25-30. Bradbury, Paul. â€Å"Television Advertising to Children – To Regulate or Legislate?† Children Society. 14 (2004):73-75. Coats, Eric Feldman, Robert. â€Å"The Role of Television in the Socialization of Non- Verbal Skills.† Basic and Applied Social Psychology 17.3 (1995): 327-341. DeLoache, Judy Korac, Nada. â€Å"Video-based Learning by Very Young Children.† Developmental Science. 6.3(2003):245-246. Durkin, Kevin Judge, Jasmine. â€Å"Effects of language and social behavior on children’s reactions to foreign people on television.† British Journal of Developmental Psychology. 19 (2001):597-612. Neuman, Susan. â€Å"Listening Behavior and Television Viewing.† Journal of Educational Research. 74.1 (1980):15-18. How to cite Commercials and Their Effect on Children’s Language, Essay examples

How Benjami Franklin Found the Community Library free essay sample

This essay will not complete without knowing who Is Benjamin Franklin really, Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston on January 17, 1706. He was the tenth son of soap maker, Josiah Franklin. Benjamin mother was Bah Folder, the second wife of Josiah. In all, Josiah would father 17 children. Josiah intended for Benjamin to enter into the clergy. However, Josiah could only afford to send his son to school for one year and clergymen needed years of schooling. But, as young Benjamin loved to read he had him apprenticed to his brother James, who was a printer.After helping James impose pamphlets and set type which was grueling work, 12-year-old Benjamin would sell their products in the streets. Franklin was elected to the Second Continental Congress and worked on a committee of five that helped to draft the Declaration of Independence. He became President of the Executive Council of Pennsylvania. He served as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention and signed the Constitution. One of his last public acts was writing an anta-slavery treatise In 1789.Franklin died on April 17, 1790 at the age of 84, The library was founded because most Americans in the asses had limited access to books. Books, in early America, were rare and expensive. There were no public libraries. Only the very wealthy and the clergy had access to large numbers of books. Even men of moderate means could not readily afford books. On July 1, 1731, Franklin and a group of members from the Junta, a philosophical association, drew up Articles of Agreement to form a library.The Junta was Interested in a wide range of Ideas, from economics to solving social woes to politics to science. But they could not turn to books to increase their knowledge or settle disputes, as between them they owned ewe tomes. But they recognized that via the Juncos combined purchasing power, books could be made available to all members. So it was that 50 subscribers invested 40 shillings each to start a library. Members also promised to invest 10 shillings more every year to buy additional books and to help maintain the library. They chose as their motto a Latin phrase which roughly translates as To support the common good is divine. Phillip Sync, a silversmith who would one day create the Inkstand with which the Declaration and Constitution were signed, designed the Companys seal. Benjamin Franklins publications reflected his democratic spirit and so were popular in format and content. Poor Richards Almanac consisted of stories about a fictional Poor Richard whose trials and tribulations provided an ideal context in which Franklin could advise readers on politics, philosophy, and how to get ahead In the world.Ben Franklin used political cartoons to illustrate news stories and to heighten reader appeal. The May 9, 1754 issue included Join, or Die, which is widely considered the first American political cartoon. Devised by Franklin, the cartoon reflected concern bout Increasing French pressure along the western frontier of the colonies. Quest for Moral Perfection Benjamin Franklin Is undoubtedly one of the most Influential were made possible by a lot of work on his part. His outlook is best represented by his famous quote, Dost thou love life?Then do not squander time, for that is the stuff life is made of. Franklin did not sway from that philosophy, and spent little time at leisure, as it was not productive. Franklins work ethic, moral outlook, and constant interest in self-improvement throughout his life are his biggest claims to fame. Franklins strict adherence to his thirteen virtues-which he created in his pursuit of moral perfection-is responsible for many of his countless contributions to the colonies. Very important to Franklins life, was the little book he carried on his person at all times.In this book, he charted on a day to day basis, which virtues he had not obeyed, and marked a check for each mistake. Franklin set aside one week per virtue, and ordered his virtues such that whenever perfection in a virtue was attained, it would make achieving the following virtue easier. Franklin found that he had much to improve upon. Another ingredient to Franklins recipe for greatness was his daily schedule. Franklin divided his day up by the hour and knew what he was to be doing at all times. This he found difficult at times, and involving the virtue Order, at one time he almost gave up.In one of Franklins few pessimistic moments, he is quoted as saying, This article (order) therefore cost me so much painful attention, and my faults in it vexed me so much.. . That I was almost ready to give up the attempt and content myself with a faulty character in that respect. An amusing anecdote about a an who concludes that a speckled axe is best follows, and in looking back on his life, Franklin demonstrates his mastery of the thirteenth virtue, Humility. Even before he set his thirteen virtues to writing, Franklin could be seen demonstrating many of them.In one instance involving his friend Collins, Franklin demonstrates Resolution, Justice, and Sincerity. During a voyage, Collins refuses to row, and Franklin resolves to perform what he must. An argument ensued, and Franklin, knowing that Collins was a good swimmer, decided the only course of action would be to throw him overboard. He was in a clear state of mind the whole time, and did absolutely nothing that he would regret later on. Temperance was also a virtue that Franklin had practiced his entire life. He was never a heavy drinker, and always ate in moderation.Franklin prided himself on being an excellent debater, and while creating his virtues, he added Silence as a guide to others explaining one reason he was such an excellent crafter of argument. 2. Silence- Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself. Avoid trifling conversation. Franklin means for others not to get caught up in petty squabbles, but rather to speak. Like the other advocates of republicanism, Franklin emphasized that the new republic could survive only if the people were virtuous. All his life he explored the role of civic and personal virtue, as expressed in Poor Richards aphorisms.Franklin felt that organized religion was necessary to keep men good to their fellow men, but rarely attended religious services himself. When Franklin met Voltaire in Paris and asked this great apostle of the Enlightenment to bless his grandson, Voltaire said in English, God and Liberty, and added, this is the only appropriate benediction for the grandson of Monsieur Franklin. Franklins parents were both pious Puritans. The family attended the old South Church, the most liberal Puritan congregation in Boston, where Benjamin Franklin was baptized in 1706. Franklins father, a poor chandler, owned a copy of a book, Boniface: Essays often cited as a key influence on his life. Franklins first pen name, Silence Do good, paid homage both to the book and to a famous sermon by Matter. The book preached the importance of forming voluntary associations to benefit society. Franklin learned about forming do-good associations from Cotton Matter, but his organizational skills made him the most influential force in making voluntarism an enduring part of the American ethos.Franklin formulated a presentation of his beliefs and published it in 1728. It did not mention many of the Puritan ideas as regards belief in salvation, the divinity of Jesus, and indeed most religious dogma. He clarified himself as a deist in his 1771 autobiography, although he still considered himself a Christian. He retained a strong faith in a God as the wellspring of morality and goodness in man, and as a providential actor in history responsible for American independence.

Jeffersons Party Essays - Conservatism In The United States

Jefferson's Party The view that many believe while studying our country's political history is the Federalist Party was a dedicated supporter of a strong central government. They believed that the Constitution was a document that needed to be molded and amended in order to meet the needs of the country. The traditional view of the Democratic- Republican party is that they support state's rights and feel that most of the governing of the country should be done on the state level. The Democratic- Republicans, or Jeffersonian Republicans, also believed in reading the Constitution fundamentally and grant the government powers that were addressed in the document. These views are the basic principals that each of parties are based upon. It can be seen in Jefferson's statement to Gideon Granger that it, ?is surely best that the states are independent and to everything within themselves, and united as to everything respecting foreign nations.? Contrary to traditional characterization of both the Federalist and Democratic Republican parties, politicians would break away from the conventional party platforms and support issues that they felt strongly about. For instance, Daniel Webster, a Federalist from New Hampshire spoke out against an overly aggressive government with the issues regarding drafting citizens into the military. The typical Federalist would feel that a draft was necessary in order to defend the country, and although the Constitution did not specifically address the situation, amendments should be made for our national interest. Jefferson himself was a prime example of an idealistic politician who put the good of the country over his Republican values. The Louisiana Purchase was performed in a manner with which many conventional Democratic Republicans would argue against. Jefferson bent and shaped the Constitution into a document that allowed him to double the size of the country. He was willing to compromise with his original values in order to improve and fortify America. Jefferson told Samuel Kercheval, ?Some men look a constitutions with sanctimonious reverence?..to sacred to be touched. But I know also, that laws and institutions must go hand in hand with the progress of the human mind.? The powerful statements made by Jefferson, Webster and many other politicians prove that it is often necessary to compromise individual ideas for the good of an entire country. This basis of compromise is the true foundation of our government and our history.